青岛近海不同天气下生物气溶胶中细菌浓度及存活率分布特征

细菌是大气生物气溶胶中最丰富、分布最广的微生物.利用FA-1撞击式生物采样器连续采集了2020年9月至2021年8月青岛近海大气生物气溶胶分级样品,并利用BacLight^TM试剂染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了死/活细菌浓度,分析其浓度与粒径的季节分布特征,并研究了雾、霾和沙尘等特殊天气对细菌浓度及粒径分布的影响.结果表明,采样期间青岛近海生物气溶胶中细菌浓度为(1.06±0.68)×10⁵ cells·m^-3,其中活细菌和死细菌浓度分别为(8.20±4.88)×10³ cells·m^-3和(9.74±6.72)×10⁴ cells·m^-3.细菌浓度分布具有季节差异,死细菌浓度春季、冬季最高,夏季最低;活细菌浓度则变现为春季最高,夏季和秋季较低,冬季最低.生物气溶胶中细菌浓度随月份存在变化,死细菌月均浓度最高值和最低值分别出现在2021年春季3月和夏季6月,而活细菌月均浓度最高值则出现在2021年春季5月,最低值在2020年冬季12月....     

紫色土丘陵区畜禽养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

鉴于紫色土高垦殖丘陵区土壤中抗生素抗性基因的潜在生态环境风险,本研究采用高通量荧光定量PCR技术,分析了抗生素抗性基因在不同类型畜禽养殖场(养猪场、养鸡场和养牛场)土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,3种养殖场土壤中共检出79种抗生素抗性基因和5种可移动基因元件,其中多重耐药类基因是养殖场土壤中丰度最高的耐药基因.不同养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因的丰度和多样性均表现为养鸡场和养猪场样品高于养牛场土壤,且3种养殖场土壤样品中的抗性基因表现出不同的类别分布特征.养殖场土壤中较高的可移动基因元件丰度,及其与抗生素抗性基因丰度显著的相关性(P0. 05)说明,可移动基因元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场土壤中的迁移和扩散.     

Circadian Rhythm of Heart Rate,Urinary Cortisol Excretion,and Sleep in Civil Air Traffic Controllers

The examination of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) from the Warsaw Airport (Poland) included 24-hr ECG monitoring. The participants were 10 civil ATCs, 9 males and 1 woman. The study was carried out on a group of 19 ATCs during their duty periods, 14 of them working 12-hr shifts and 5 performing 24-hr duties. The participants collected urine every 4 hrs, and Cortisol concentration was determined. Further, the survey included the quality and duration of sleep, and subjective fatigue in the 62 participants.

In ATCs, shift work modifies natural rhythms of the circulatory system and decreases the ability for intensified mental work at night. In consequence ATCs experience frequent sleep disorders.     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

Surface reaction of Bacillus cereus biomass and its biosorption for lead and copper ions

In this study, the surface chemical functional groups of Bacillus cereus biomass were identified by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analytical technique. It had been shown that the B. cereus cells mainly contained carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, amino and amide functional groups. The potentiometric titration was conducted to explain the surface acid-base properties of aqueous B. cereus biomass. The computer program FITEQL 4.0 was used to perform the model calculations. The optimization results indicated that three sitesthree pKas model, which assumed the cell surface to have three distinct types of surface organic functional groups based on the IR analysis results, simulated the experimental results very well. Moreover, batch adsorption experiments were performed to investigate biosorption behavior of Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions onto the biomass. Obviously, the adsorption equilibrium data for the two ions were reasonably described by typical Langmuir isotherm.     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

依靠科学技术提高安全能力

北京作为国际大都市,在持续深入进行改革开放、加快市场经济建设和加紧筹办奥运等多方面经济因素的影响,整个城市进入了前所未有的高速发展阶段.与此同时,北京市的公共安全和生产安全问题也更加突出.2004年2月5日北京市密云县密虹公园发生严重的游人踩踏事故,造成37人死亡,15人受伤;6月6日,北京大安山煤矿塌冒事故,10名矿工全部遇难;6月9日,北京京民大厦发生火灾,造成11人死亡,37人受伤…….2004年北京市共发生交通肇事、生产安全、火灾死亡事故共1798起,有1980人死于非命.     

蚯蚓顶体效应及其在土壤健康质量诊断中的应用研究

蚯蚓在评价土壤生态环境污染方面起着重要作用,但目前与生殖毒性相关的蚯蚓生物标志物中缺乏可以灵敏和快速对污染物生殖毒性进行诊断的生物标志物.本研究采用考马斯亮蓝法对蚯蚓精子顶体反应进行检测;采用响应面分析法优化苯甲酰精氨酸乙酯/乙醇脱氢酶(BAEE/ADH)联合测定法,以建立蚯蚓精子顶体酶活性测定法.结果表明,蚯蚓精子顶体率为(47.67±3.87)% ,最优测定条件为洗涤2次,抽提时间24 h,ADH浓度1.8 mg·mL-1 ,氧化型辅酶Ⅰ(NAD)浓度12 mg·mL-1 .为考察方法的可靠性,采用醋酸棉酚污染土壤暴露实验进行方法学考察.数据表明,醋酸棉酚污染土壤暴露3d后,检测出顶体酶活性变化,且与精子密度具有一定的相关性(r=0.9908).建立的蚯蚓顶体酶活性测定方法可以快速和有效的检测醋酸棉酚的生殖毒性变化,蚯蚓顶体酶活性有望作为生物标志物应用于土壤污染的生态毒理学快速诊断中.     

废轮胎流化床热解半焦结构特性

以流化床反应器为主体对废轮胎热解半焦微观结构特性进行了研究.主要研究了热解温度、床料粒径、流化数等参数对热解半焦的比表面积、孔隙率、孔体积的影响.结果表明:半焦比表面积和孔隙率随温度变化过程中会在650℃或750℃出现一峰值,这表明对半焦品质而言,轮胎存在最佳的热解温度,采用较小粒径(0.135～0.304mm)床料时有使最佳热解温度下降的趋势;半焦孔隙率随流化数增加而减小;半焦比表面积随流化数的变化趋势与热解温度有关,550℃时流化数增加半焦比表面积减小,650℃时流化数增加半焦比表面积增大;半焦孔体积随温度的变化趋势与床料粒径有关,采用较大粒径(0.304～0.4mm)床料时,半焦孔体积随温度升高呈现先降后升的趋势,而采用较小粒径(0.135～0.304mm)床料时,半焦孔体积随温度升高呈现下降的趋势.     

Study on pyrolysis and gasification of wood in MSW

In order to develop municipal solid waste（MSW） pyrolysis/gasification and melting technology with low emission and high efficiency, it was planed that all the main components in MSW and some typical kinds of MSW were pyrolyzed/gasified to propose an expert system for raw MSW. In this paper, wood, which was a prevalent component in MSW, was pyrolyzed and gasified in fluidized-bed reactors at different apparent excess air ratios （EARs）, temperatures and fluidizing velocities. For pyrolysis, with tem- perature increasing from 400℃ to 700℃, the yield of pyrolysis char decreased while that of pyrolysis gas increased （in this paper respectively from 28% to 20% and from 10% to 35%）, and when temperature was 500℃, the yield of pyrolysis tar reached the highest, up to 38% in this paper. It was the optimum for gasification when temperature was 600℃ and apparent EAR was 0.4. Under the experimental conditions of this paper, gasification efficiency achieved 73%, lower heat value（LHV） reached 5800 kJ/（Nm^3） and yield of syngas was 2.01 Nm^3/kg. Lower fluidizing velocity was useful to upgrade gasification efficiency and LHV of syngas for wood gasification. Based on the results, the reactive courses and mechanism were analyzed respectively for wood pyrolysis and gasification.